NASA Shuttle-Mir Oral
History Project
Edited Oral History Transcript
Jessie
M. Gilmore
Interviewed by Rebecca Wright
Houston, Texas – 1 September 1998
Wright:
Today is September 1, 1998. I'm speaking with Jessie Gilmore as part
of the Shuttle-Mir Oral History Project. It's Rebecca Wright, Frank
Tarazona, and Summer Bergen. Thanks again for taking time out of your
busy schedule.
Gilmore: You're welcome.
Wright: We'd like for you to start by just generally
telling us what your roles and responsibilities have been with the
Shuttle-Mir Program.
Gilmore: I've served [both] as the secretary for
the Deputy Director, who was Frank Culbertson at the time who got
promoted to Director. Then, I became the Director's secretary. In
that capacity, I am responsible for the functions of the [Phase 1]
front office.
Wright: How long have you been doing that?
Gilmore: Since November of '94 to the present.
Wright: So you and Frank have been together through
many a times through these last few years.
Gilmore: That's true. I started working for him in
September of '85.
Wright: So I have to assume that that working partnership
helped through the Shuttle-Mir Program, that you developed in the
early years.
Gilmore: Very much so.
Wright: What did you do prior to becoming his assistant?
Gilmore: In the Shuttle-Mir Program, or before '94?
Wright: Before '94. Well, before the Shuttle-Mir
Program, when you first starting working with Frank.
Gilmore: I was the crew secretary in the astronaut
office. I worked with the Shuttle crews, their families, taking care
of all their invitations, their guests, their VIPs, went with them
to the Capes, saw that everybody followed the procedures down there,
and returned.
Wright: And did all those experiences help you?
Gilmore: Immensely.
Wright: Well, tell us, is there an average day in
your job? Is there anything that's routine about your job?
Gilmore: Not really. You do the same type things
every day, they're just in a different order. There's always correspondence,
phones, schedules, but they're very flexible and changing constantly.
Wright: How has it changed, say, from just the time
that Frank was deputy director to becoming the program director? Did
your duties change quite a bit?
Gilmore: Yes. I became the lead secretary, so therefore
that put two to three secretaries under me at the time, which added
to responsibilities. Frank's position increased greatly, which caused
mine to increase, and the workload to increase.
Wright: What's the hardest part? Is it keeping up
with Frank, or is it keeping up with schedules, or keeping up with
phone calls? What's the most difficult part of your day-to-day job?
Gilmore: Rearranging the schedule to work both for
what he needs and what needs to be accomplished in the office.
Wright: How has your position changed as far as meeting
responsibilities? Do you find yourself going to more and more meetings
during the last few years with the Shuttle-Mir Program that maybe
you did prior to Frank moving into this position?
Gilmore: I've gone to a few more meetings, not necessarily
so much the technical side of the Shuttle-Mir Program, but more in
like archiving the records, the projects like the Shuttle-Mir Oral
History Project I've become involved with. Starting to go to more
meetings with the International Space Station now, and getting more
involved doing that.
Wright: When you did everything you did prior to
Shuttle-Mir, you dealt mostly with American and American families.
But, of course, this program had an added benefit that you never had
before, and that was dealing with the international partners. Tell
us how that came about, and what were some of the first times. Can
you remember maybe the first time that you ever met the Russians?
Was that here in your office?
Gilmore: No, that was over in the astronaut office.
It was Sergei Krikalev was the first one I met, and Pavel Titov.
Wright: Was that part of their STS-60?
Gilmore: STS-60 and STS-63 flights. That was the
first exposure and then the Russians starting coming over, and I met
some of the flight surgeons. I tried to learn a little bit of Russian,
learned not to speak it around them, because once you spoke a few
words, they thought you knew it all and just started speaking in Russian.
[Laughter]
Wright: How was their English?
Gilmore: Some of them had very good English, and
some of them you needed interpreters with completely.
Wright: Was that another part of your responsibility,
helping with the translators and the interpreters?
Gilmore: I did the logistics portion of it. I [requested
and authorized] them when they were needed, saw they were at the right
meeting places, that we had the right numbers of interpreters, sent
[information] off to be translated for the documentation, saw that
it came back and matched up as much as I could. [I] arranged for that
kind of interpretation down at the Cape [in] Florida and anywheres
else where they traveled. [I] took some Russian [classes] myself,
but it's a difficult language to learn and you have to really stay
at it, [and at the time the work load in the office precluded being
away, attending class four times a week].
Wright: The trips to the Cape, what all were your
responsibilities as far as those? How often did you have to go down
to the Cape? Was that every mission?
Gilmore: No, I went to every other mission for the
Shuttle-Mir Program. Just logistics, you set up all your Team Zero
[meetings], which was a joint working group meeting between the Russians
and the Americans. I handled all the meeting places, [coordinating]
their meeting schedule, saw to it they got to the places they were
supposed to get on time. I set up any of the receptions that were
needed down there; took care of them for their tours; their viewing
of the launch; saw to it they got from the airport to the airport
[by making arrangements with TechTrans Inc. (TTI)]; took care of the
Americans that were down there supporting those meetings; making sure
that the faxes were sent; the meetings were set up. Some of the [meetings
were held at] two or three o'clock in the morning, since they were
eight to nine hours ahead of us in Russia. Sometimes it required multiple
meetings.
Wright: Meetings upon meetings, right?
Gilmore: Yes.
Wright: Did you have a Russian counterpart? Was there
somebody on the other side that you could deal with directly, or did
you talk to lots of people when you called Moscow?
Gilmore: We talked to lots of people. There are secretaries
over in Star City, Natasha being one of them, [she was very helpful].
We dealt with her some. Mostly it was Americans over in the TsUP and
in the Embassy that we dealt with, or our Director of Operations in
Russia, who has different people at times.
Wright: Did it take you a while to get used to getting
phone calls from Russia, or was that just something that became part
of your daily duty as well?
Gilmore: That was just something that became part
of the daily duty, because with the Shuttle Program, we had Swedish
people, we had French people, German, from different payloads and
different astronauts. So that's just something that we've dealt with
for a long period of time.
Wright: Is language the hardest part, or was there
something else that you felt to be difficult when you had such a variety
of international partners, especially the Russians?
Gilmore: The language is a difficulty, but then again
you have the interpreters. They have a different way of looking at
life than what we do. Whereas we're more linear and time controlled,
they're more people oriented. They may be an hour late for a meeting
and think nothing of it, because they were doing something with the
families, whereas if the Americans are an hour late, they want to
know why you're an hour late.
Wright: I guess that just made your job more of a
challenge to get those meetings rescheduled.
Gilmore: At times.
Wright: Was there ever a calm time during Shuttle-Mir
in your office? Was it busier during the missions than when you weren't
having a mission?
Gilmore: Well, we never did not have a mission after
Norm [Thagard] went up, because we had continuous American presence
on board the Mir; therefore, we were always active. We did have some
busier times than others, especially when some function is going on
on the Mir, but it stayed pretty busy for the last four years.
Wright: Just like one continuous day.
Gilmore: One very long day.
Wright: You had so much experience when you took
on these additional responsibilities, but knowing how much must happen
in this office, I'm sure there was lots of things that you were able
to learn. Did you find yourself being able to move into different
directions, or learning different areas that helped make the job easier
or more efficient?
Gilmore: This is true, yes. I took a lot of different
courses in the Russian culture. That helped a lot, made it more easier
to get along with some of them, look at things from their point of
perspective instead of just ours, which is a little bit different.
I'm trying to think of some good ways of putting it. It's just a continual
learning experience. The more you get to know them, the more you are
involved in things. You just learn by a process of trial and error.
Wright: The Russians, I guess, too, after a while,
learn that they could come to you and get information. Did you feel
like your family of astronaut extended family just grew?
Gilmore: To a certain extent. There's quite a few
of them that would do that. A lot of the managers that were over here
quite frequently, they'd get to know you, and they'd realize that
it was easy to talk, and they'd come over and communicate. After a
while you'd kind of get to be like a big family.
Wright: Your time that you spent was not just in
the office. Did your days continue when you left, and were you getting
the phone calls at different hours of--
Gilmore: There were times we got them late at night
or early in the morning. Sometimes faxes needed to be sent so that
they would have them at the proper work time in Moscow, so there were
a few times you were up here at midnight or one in the morning sending
or receiving faxes.
Wright: And that was from and to Americans as well
as the Russians?
Gilmore: That's correct, in Moscow and here.
Wright: When Frank's here, I'm sure that you're busy
on a continuous communication effort with him, since he's right around
the corner, but how was it with communication when he was over in
Russia doing business over there?
Gilmore: As continuous as it is over here pretty
much. [Laughter] There's always telephones, cell phones, pagers. In
every office you go to, they had phones. He has Moscow cell phones,
so you could keep continuous communications no matter where in the
world he's at.
Wright: I guess you have plenty of helpers if you
needed to find him.
Gilmore: We had people in the MOST, people in the
TsUP, people at Star City, so he was never out of touch.
Wright: I guess that was helpful for you. At least
you knew if there was something that came up here, that--
Gilmore: If there was something that came up here,
we had instant ability to get hold of him, then if something over
there he needed here, he could contact us either through our office,
through our pagers, or at our homes. Everybody here kind of worked
together as a family. It wasn't an eight-to-four job. If he needed
something, nine, ten o'clock at night, he can call anybody, and they
came in and got it done.
Wright: That team effort, do you feel like that was
one of the ingredients that made the program so successful?
Gilmore: I think it's a big factor that made the
program work so well, is everybody was willing to set aside personal
things and work together to see that this got accomplished.
Wright: Can you remember any incident during the
program itself that you saw the team pull together that kind of sticks
out in your mind?
Gilmore: Well, there was the fire, there was the
collision, and then there was a IG investigation where everybody worked
together to see that Mr. Culbertson was adequately prepared to go
before that.
Wright: Was there ever a time that you felt that
you would pick out as like the proudest moment of the program, or
even something that you were able to do that you felt that you were
glad you were here to make sure that this happened?
Gilmore: Well, I think STS-71, when we actually did
the docking over at Mission Control, that was really fantastic, and
then watching Shannon [Lucid] rotate with her knees in those little
pink socks looking out the window when we were getting ready to retrieve
her, was just fantastic.
Wright: That's maybe a story that you could share
with us. What was it like being in Mission Control during STS-71?
Were there lots of people there?
Gilmore: The control room, yes. Mission Control had
just an enormous amount of people. Everybody was there wanting to
see us dock. It was a perfect docking, the Russians were there, everybody
was just watching what was going on. It was a spectacular moment.
Wright: Could you feel the--
Gilmore: Tension in the air? Yes. And celebration.
When the hatch doors opened and they got together, everybody was just
jumping and yelling. It was nice. It was really worth being there
for.
Wright: Then Shannon, with her pink socks.
Gilmore: [Laughter] Yes. She was rotating in front
of the windows. You've probably seen that picture a million times
where she's looking out the glass, but that was really great seeing
her up there where she was coming home.
Wright: Were all the missions the same to you, or
did they all seem different?
Gilmore: They were all different. They all have their
high marks and everything else, and exciting. You get very familiar
with the crews. They're very important to you.
Wright: Were you able to communicate with them at
all while they were on board, the actual Mir residents from America?
Gilmore: Through a method that we call COS, where
you put things on digital CDs, and they're sent up for special treats
like at Christmas, Valentine's, or something. We did send up personalized
messages to them. You could e-mail to them and get responses back
and forth. Actual voice contact with them, management had that, some
of the family members had it, but you needed to save that time for
their families, not for the outside people.
Wright: At least you were able to visit with them
on occasion.
Gilmore: That's correct.
Wright: When they come through here, I'm sure they
get a chance to give you at least a few more pieces of information
that you were looking for.
Gilmore: Yes, they do. We stop and visit, and we
see quite a bit of each other.
Wright: How did you facilitate some of the areas
that go on? We know that there were nine different working groups
that were part of the Shuttle-Mir Program, and that meant more than
nine chairs, since there were Russian counterparts. So how were you
able to get all those people where they needed to be? Can you give
us some of your secrets of how this all came about?
Gilmore: A lot of that was handled by the program
support specialists at the time, which was Susan Anderson and Lindy
Fortenberry, eventually. I'm not quite sure. Once meeting times were
set down in Florida, we just made all the hotel arrangements and room
arrangements and conference room arrangements, and all the interpreter
requirements down there. Since we picked them up from the airport
and carried them around through TTI all the time, everybody was pretty
much where they needed to be. There were occasionally instances where
meetings got postponed or had to be rescheduled due to something else
coming up, but for the main part, it just flowed as a normal workday
office.
Wright: It's almost a little scary, isn't it? You
put all that together and it's normal. [Gilmore laughs] What were
some of the Russian perceptions of being in America? Did they share
anything with you of what it was like to work here? Are there differences
that they felt being here, even in Houston compared to even Kennedy,
what they saw, or anything that you can think of, because I know that
they talked to you more on a personal-type basis, where it was less
formal, I guess, is what I'm looking for. Some of their perceptions
that they might have had.
Gilmore: Most of them thought of it, I think, as
a really big shopping opportunity. [Laughter] The first groups that
came over, we would take them out to the stores, they were just amazed
at the variety in the stores that we had, without the lines and the
wait, did quite a lot of shopping. They liked having their own personal
time where they could travel and see and do things here. I think they
really enjoyed it over here. Couldn't wait to go home and show off
what all they had done.
Wright: Were they here often in your office? Or did
that become a routine after a while as well?
Gilmore: Not really. The counterparts of the various
teams came down here when we had just huge team meetings, so it wasn't
that often, usually once or twice a year. Mr. Ryumin, of course, was
down here training for the crew, so he was here quite a lot, and he
got to be a routine in the office, and his wife Elena Kondakova, who's
also a woman cosmonaut, so we got to be very friendly with them and
their daughter, who went to school here.
Wright: We had a Russian liaison office here as well.
Gilmore: We have a Russian liaison office here where
we have representatives from Russia, Energia, also from RSA, which
is the Russian Space Agency that stays on site here, and we have a
director of America, which is a counterpart to our director of Russian
operations, and normally those are cosmonauts and then astronauts
over in Russia.
Wright: Did you work closely with that group, too?
Gilmore: To some extent we had dealings with those.
They worked a lot more with International Space Station and with the
international partners. They were over here for weekly meetings. They
did have tag-ups with the crews on the Mir. There was quite a bit
with them. I didn't have a lot of just day-to-day work with them.
Wright: Since you've lived this program over the
last four years, almost as one long continuous day, you witnessed
almost everything that happened. Can you share with us some of the
benefits or some of the value that you see has come from working with
these international partners and the success of the program as a whole?
Gilmore: I think it's going to help put everybody
into a cohesive group for the International Space Station. We're learning
that there are various cultures out there, various ways of doing business,
not necessarily just one way. We're going to have to have that for
the International Space Station. No one nation can do it by themselves.
I've heard it said by the other astronauts, when you look back at
this planet from space, there are no fences; it's all one big globe.
We're going to have to work together. I think in the long run is going
to be great for our children and our grandchildren.
Wright: You've worked in the space program for fifteen
years. Do you see over the last year more changes than you ever saw
before, or was this kind of running on a routine basis of changes?
Gilmore: No, I've seen some major changes. Most of
my work had been done with the military-type people in DOD [Department
of Defense], and things are getting a lot lighter, a lot more lenient.
People are working together better. They're aiming for a long-range
goal rather than a short-range goal. They want the world, like I said,
to be one big place. I think our children are going to think it's
normal just to have Russians next door, or Japanese, and speak various
languages. We're learning that no longer is just one language sufficient.
You should have multiple languages, start teaching them at a much
earlier age than what we were taught.
Wright: You have children. Do they think it's really
neat for their mom to have so many interactions with Russians, or
have they made any comments at all?
Gilmore: My daughter thinks it's very unique and
neat. My son has grown up in this, and he thinks it's normal. [Laughter]
He doesn't see that it's thing special. But it's like anything else,
if you're around it all the time, it's the routine, and something
else is different. I think some day they will see the benefits from
it much more than I will. They'll live that long. We get a lot of
medical benefits from it; we learned a lot from our exposure to the
times on the Mir; we learned what we should and should not do to some
extent on the International Space Station; we're going to learn different
ways of building it, different ways of how things should function
on it from this experience, that we would have learned ourselves on
our own, but at a much, much higher cost and a longer duration, whereas
now we can go right to it and bypass some of the preliminary.
Wright: Although you weren't in direct contact with
the Mir residents, you must have had some contact with their families.
Were you able to help the families, the folks that were on the Mir,
as well as the people that were over in Russia for a while? Did that
fall into your realm of responsibilities as well?
Gilmore: To some extent it did. We saw to it that
special packages got sent over to Russia to go up on the Progresses
for the resupply vehicles, so they could get little special treats
for holidays or birthdays, information packets with cards, letters
from their families. Sometimes we arranged for communication passes
where they could go out to our “ham shack” out back and
speak with their mothers, dads, whoever happened to be up there at
that time. Occasionally we helped out with things like getting the
voting in space, so they could vote from on orbit.
Wright: Tell us about that. Tell us who the astronaut
was who got to vote.
Gilmore: We were originally doing it, I believe,
for Dave Wolf and John Blaha. I'm not sure if either one of them actually
voted from space. Wolf may have, but that's what got the President
started and got a bill passed. So now we do have that bill, so on
the International Space Station that will be handled in that manner.
Susan Anderson was the project manager for that, and she could go
into much greater detail.
Wright: The families or the team members that were
over in Russia, they were there for extended periods of time. Were
you able to help them work out what they needed?
Gilmore: We saw to it that their supplies got over
there, some people for their furnishings and luggage and stuff, to
get [unclear] over there, their visas and passports to make sure they
could go, and occasionally when they took their families with them,
we had to see to it, or we helped out with the process of doing those,
since that was extended family, we saw to it that they got everything,
all the paperwork done, so that they wouldn't have any difficulties
in getting there.
Wright: Your life was never the same from one day
to the next, and I'm sure you were never bored, but are you glad that
you were here the last four years?
Gilmore: Very much so. Very much. It's going to be
one of the proud moments of my life as I look back on it, some day
when I'm in that rocking chair. [Laughter]
Wright: No time soon, though, I hope.
Gilmore: No time soon. We've got a few more projects
ahead. I'd love to see us get to Mars.
Wright: Is that what you're hoping to be a participant
in at some point, somehow?
Gilmore: Well, it would be nice. I think that's going
to be long after I retire, but I would love to live to see us get
there.
Wright: What was the first mission that you ever
worked on?
Gilmore: That was with [Major General] Joe Henry
Engle, 51-I back in '85.
Wright: I understand that you still support him in
a way, because he's involved in the Shuttle-Mir Program as well.
Gilmore: Right. He's on the Stafford Task Force,
and he does a lot of work there, so he's in and out of the office
quite frequently. So I still have a lot of contact with him, and General
Stafford, who was also a former astronaut.
Wright: Where do you plan to be in the future? Do
you know what your plans are as part of the International Space Station
as well?
Gilmore: Right now I'll go into it as the same duties
I had under the Shuttle-Mir Program as Frank Culbertson's secretary
and assistant. I hope to work into the family support plan on that,
that's down the road a little ways, but it's being set up and worked
because they will need special support for the long-duration crew
members and their families. Normally on a Shuttle mission, you're
up from anywhere from one week to two weeks, and you see to it that
their families are taken down to the Cape and escorted around, and
brought back into mission control. For people that are going to be
on orbit four to six months, they're going to need a lot more extenuating
circumstances. They may need help for things going on at home, seeing
to it communications are set up and established, and just all kind
of things can be visualized for that.
Wright: I think, if nothing else, that we can assume
is that your expertise in communications is well known throughout
the center and well appreciated.
Do you have anything you'd like to add? We're just going to make a
note that Ms. Gilmore has been extremely helpful in this project for
the last six months. As we have come in and out of her office, she
has pushed us in the right direction and given us direction on who
we needed to speak to, so we were glad that she found time to visit
with us, and certainly offer anything. It's the time now for you to
say anything you'd like to about the Shuttle-Mir Program as a whole.
Gilmore: I think it's been a very great learning
experience. I've been proud to be part of it, and I think it's going
to help out greatly in my future. I've enjoyed working on the Shuttle-Mir
Program, because it's going to be part of history, and I think it's
an important thing to have done.
Wright: We are glad that you were able to take time
out of your busy schedule so we could get you on record as well. So
we thank you for your time.
Gilmore: Thank you.
[End of interview]