NASA Shuttle-Mir Oral
History Project
Edited Oral History Transcript
Valeri
V. Morgun
Interviewed by Rebecca Wright
Houston, Texas – 17 July 1998
Interviewers:
Rebecca Wright, Paul Rollins, Carol Butler
Wright:
Today is July 17, 1998. We are speaking, as part of the Shuttle-Mir
Oral History Program, with Dr. Valeri Morgun.
We thank you again for coming in. We would like to begin with you
explaining to us your role in the Shuttle-Mir Program.
Morgun: We started working in Phase 1 in 1993, before it was known
as Phase 1. At that time the program was called Mir-Shuttle. There
were two flights in that program that involved the Mir-18 and Mir-19
expeditions. After that, the management on both sides, both Russian
and American sides, decided to extend efforts in joint space exploration,
and the program became known as Mir-NASA, or Phase 1, as we've come
to know it.
Roger Billica and I have been working from the very start of Phase
1, and we together are co-chairs of the working group on medical support.
Our group had levied upon it a number of very responsible problems,
issues, to solve; for example, medical support and preparation of
both cosmonauts and astronauts, the medical support in the course
of space flight, and support in the post-flight period. Our group
developed and compared joint medical standards. We concurred in a
medical monitoring system. We concurred in questions related to practical
medical issues, and we concurred in questions regarding the preparation
of medical experiments to be carried out.
I consider that perhaps the most important job that our group had
was when we made our determinations and later presented our findings
to our managements with regard to the selection of cosmonauts and
astronauts and, in effect, saying that they are fit for all manner
of training and for the flight itself. The result of our work was
a Russian-American joint requirement document for medical operations
that was compiled, concurred, and signed by both sides, and it was
this basic document that was worked throughout Phase 1.
However, I want to say that all of this didn't come particularly easily
and was all something that was smooth and quick and without problems
at all. There were indeed some disagreements, and there were times
that we needed to step back and assess individual questions with regard
to medical support, with regard to biomedical issues, training, and
all of this was based on the simple fact that the United States and
Russia had different approaches with regard to their training, their
systems were different, and basically we had to work through that
so that we could create the document that I had spoken about before.
What I'm about to say, I'm not just saying for you, but for the Russian,
the American people, and for the specialists involved. I would like
to thank Roger Billica and his entire medical staff for the work that
they've done, for their ability to understand, for their professional
understanding of the issues that have to be addressed, because it
is thanks to that understanding that we were able to perform as well
as we did in Phase 1.
As concerns the medical training portion for cosmonauts and astronauts,
if we break down the ratio with regard to particular flights, there
were particular missions for which up to 70 percent of the training
time was indeed for medical training or training of astronauts and
cosmonauts, and I think that's what I can say with regard to our joint
efforts in this area, given the limited amount of time. I could go
on for an infinite amount of time, but we had successes, we had failures,
we had small successes, and indeed, even yesterday we had success.
Today we're no longer Drs. Billica and Morgun; we're friends. This
whole period has taught both him and me that this is the way to work.
I'm very happy that both U.S. and Russian medical teams are moving
on into Phase 2. I know that this will make our work in Phase 2 easier.
It will make it more simple, because we already know each other, we
know each other's styles of work, we're aware of some of the difficulties
that are in front of us and how to eliminate those difficulties. So
it's a very positive outlook for such cooperation in Phase 2.
Wright: Is there a time during Phase 1 that you can recall that you
knew that you and Dr. Billica were more than just colleagues, that
your relationship became a friendship as well?
Morgun: I can even tell you the exact date when it occurred. I can
tell you that it was the 29th of March, 1995, which is the day we
signed, with a great deal of understanding on both sides, joint requirements
for medical training.
Wright: During those negotiations for that document, there were great
differences between the two nations. Did you also find similarities,
how you two did medical procedures and standards?
Morgun: I'll answer your question this way. We understood the goals
and objectives. We understood that Russian cosmonauts and American
astronauts were going to fly to the Mir station, and this was a kind
of point of definition in our common point of view.
Wright: How do you feel that both nations have benefited from working
together on Phase 1 with the medical standards?
Morgun: Well, as I've said, this document became a defining document
and allowed us to have a common set of standards regarding, for example,
astronaut health, which, in turn, allowed us to assess in an objective
manner fitness for space flight. What else this particular document
did was it allowed each side, in examining the standards of the other
side, to reassess its own standards as well.
Second, it allowed us to solve issues related to standards having
to do with the presence of cosmonauts and astronauts on the station.
These standards have to do with the environment on the station, with
the life support system, and a number of others that have to do with
the safety of a crew aboard the station.
Third, the document allowed us to correctly undertake all rehabilitative
efforts for crew members after they landed on the Earth. But perhaps
the most important result and the most important finding of the document
is that it allowed us to preserve, maintain crew member health, and,
furthermore, to quickly and effectively restore that health after
a launch and to prepare crew members for future flight, follow-on
flights. This is for both the Mir and the shuttle. Again, the most
important result was that it allowed us to preserve and to maintain
the necessary level of health and to allow for work to be done both
before, during, and after a flight, and, after a flight, to restore
individuals' health so that they may proceed to undertake new professional
duties.
Wright:
American medical staff was in Russia to work with the crew members
that were on the Mir during their flight. Did you have Russian medical
staff here in Houston training and working with the staff as well?
Morgun: Yes, per an agreement that had been reached on a management
level between NASA and the Russian Space Agency, Russian crews and
doctors do undergo training here at Johnson Space Center. In fact,
today there is the fifth flight surgeon present. Right now we have
flight surgeons who work here, a couple of Russian cosmonauts in their
work as designated Shuttle crew members. They monitor their health,
they participate in all medical activities that NASA has planned for
such crew members, and they work closely together with Shuttle crew
flight surgeons. Then after completion of training, a certificate
is issued, and this allows the crew flight surgeon to work and provide
medical aid and perform medical monitoring of Shuttle crews on a level
equivalent with that of American flight surgeons, just as American
flight surgeons who successfully complete their training in Russia
either in the course of their work at GCTC, which is the Gagarin Cosmonaut
Training Center, or at the Moscow Mission Control Center also are
able to become certified.
I might add that the American and Russian crew flight surgeons have
performed remarkably well. It's as if they're a single team. I can,
at this point, even with a smile on my face, note that they were able
to figure out what's what even somewhat faster than Roger Billica
and I. [Laughter] If we were to assemble all of the Russian and American
crew flight surgeons who worked Phase 1, you'd find that this is a
very tight, cohesive, and a highly professionally qualified group.
And it is indeed a pleasure for me to say that today, since we can
see the benefit from results of their work.
Wright: Will you keep this group together moving into the new Phase
2?
Morgun: Yes. I'm happy to say that practically the entire group of
Russian and American flight surgeons will be moving on to work in
Phase 2, and I can, in addition, note that on the 15th of May of this
year, we certified the first four crews of cosmonauts and astronauts
to fly aboard the International Space Station, and we certified both
Russian and American flight surgeons for work in Phase 2. This group
is very good. They know how to work, they know what it is that awaits
them, they know how to deal with issues, they know how to deal with
uncertainties and unknown factors. I'm very happy that this group
is going to continue on to work in Phase 2.
Wright:
So many benefits resulted from Phase 1. What are your expectations
of the future in this area?
Morgun: Phase 1 is a start. We're talking here of tremendous development
in terms of space science and medical science and advances of knowledge
in these areas. It turns out that both the United States and Russia
have both developed scientifically-based systems of cosmonaut/astronaut
training, and the result is a tremendous intellectual investment in
space. Phase 1 basically was the start of a long-term cooperation
between the Earth's two great space-faring nations, and right now
we're on the threshold of Phase 2.
What's ahead? Well, we've got perhaps future projects perhaps to the
moon, to Mars. One thing, however, is certain, that if we don't do
it together, it won't be achieved, and I have confidence in future
success. This all will allow advances in medical technology and in
space science and other areas and will allow us to achieve and improve
the quality of both technical, applied, and fundamental forms of science,
and I think this is all to the good.
Wright:
This concludes our time with you. Is there anything else that you
would like to add about your experiences with Phase 1 or any comments
at all? We'd be glad to hear them.
Morgun:
I'd like to say thank you. It's been a pleasure spending time with
you and talking with you.
I would like to, however, mention, yesterday we concurred and signed
a document on medical operations and support during Phase 1, but that's
only really the first phase, first stage of a common document, a joint
document. We do plan to put together a report on medical support of
Phase 1. This will be an assessment in a medical sense only, developed
by both sides, and we would like it to be a fundamental document,
a foundation document that would serve as a good medical handbook
not only for Russian and American doctors, but also for all of our
other colleagues from other nations who are working in Phase 2, all
our international partners.
Wright: We have been honored for you to spend time with us. We wish
you much success in Phase 2.
[End of interview]