NASA Headquarters NACA
Oral History Project
Edited Oral History Transcript
Jane S.
Hess
Interviewed by Sandra Johnson
Newport
News, Virginia –
2 April 2014
Johnson: Today is April 2, 2014. This oral history session is being
conducted with Jane Hess at her home in Newport News, Virginia, as
part of the NACA [National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics] Oral
History Project sponsored by the NASA Headquarters History Office.
The interviewer is Sandra Johnson, assisted by Rebecca Wright. I want
to thank you again for agreeing to talk to us today and for letting
us come to your home. I want to start today by asking you about how
you first learned about the NACA and where you grew up and how you
ended up here.
Hess:
Where I grew up was in Kentucky. I grew up on a farm about 20 miles
out of Lexington, Kentucky. I was one of six children. However, my
mother and father had a family of four older children and then they
didn’t have any children for a while and they had two very late
in life. My sister Dorothy was two years older than me and then I
came along. My mother was 47 when she had me.
Johnson:
Goodness.
Hess:
Poor woman. She always told me, “I hope you don’t have
any children.” She said you worry, worry, worry about them,
and I understand that. How I found out about NASA [NACA], I went to
college, and my family tried to get me to the University of Kentucky,
but that was just 40 miles from my home. So I had to leave home, and
I went to Morehead University in Kentucky. I majored in economics
and had some minors that I could type and I could do shorthand. All
women in my day had to have that capability.
Then the war started and I was in school, I had a sister who was in
Kentucky who was teaching in grammar school, and my oldest sister
Avis was married to a minister, and they were in North Carolina. Then
they moved to Virginia, and that’s how I happened to get to
this area, because I visited her in Portsmouth a lot, I knew about
[NACA]. You do know that Langley [Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory,
later renames Langley Research Center] was the only [NACA] lab for
a long time, and they called it Mother Langley, and there was a considerable
amount of jealousy about all the attention that Mother Langley got,
so I tried never to mention it.
But it really was wonderful that this happened to me. I came here
to teach in high school in Hampton. I had a good friend who I knew
from school that lived in Hampton and she took me to a party down
in Hampton. When you came to Virginia in my day, the Virginians had
nothing to do with anybody that wasn’t a Virginian, believe
me. So it was amazing how other than in church—I did belong
to the church, so the churchpeople were friendly, but there wasn’t
anybody else that was friendly. But she was my friend, so she took
me to parties. At one of these parties I met this gentleman who was
head of all the employment agencies in Virginia, and they had a lot
of them at that time. This was a party that was dancing, and I’m
dancing with this gentleman, and he said, “Why are you going
to teach?”
I said, “I don’t know, because I’m not really the
type, I don’t really want to, but it’s what I’m
trained to do.”
He said, “I can take you to NASA and you can double your salary
right now.”
I told you before I thought he was hitting on me, but I thought well,
that’s all right, he can take me out there, I don’t have
to see him after that. I let him take me out there, and I took some
tests, and they hired me. But before I did that, I said, “Listen,
they’re having a RIF [Reduction in Force] right now.”
He said, “If they hire you, they will not RIF you, because they’re
only hiring people they’re going to keep.”
So I was hired, and they moved me around. I started out in personnel.
That was the first place I worked. I’ll try to mention some
of the names that I worked with. Betty Gilman was head of the technical
library, and I really wanted to get in the library, but I knew that
I was going to have to do further education if I did. I did do that
later. One of the people that I worked with was Peggy Palmer. Peggy
lives in this area and Palmer was her married name. She was doing
cataloging. But I also had to work with the group that were keeping
records of everybody who was here, and when they got changes in their
career and so forth. They didn’t really have a good system.
It was messy, and I’ve always been a person that I think I can
do something better.
I said, “We need flexy-lines for this.”
“What’s a flexy-line?”
We changed the system, but we hadn’t finished it when they had
to move me. They moved to another building, I think one of the wind
tunnels. They moved me all over the field until the end of the RIF,
which was about nine months, something like that, maybe longer. I
worked everywhere, and I thought it was really bad that I was being
treated like that, but I found out what a blessing it was, because
I learned about everything at Langley.
Then I was assigned to the Planning Office. The Planning Office was
where they kept all these charts and records of every job that was
being done on the Center, and it was charted daily what accomplishments
they’d made or if there were setbacks or whatever. It was interesting
work, and I enjoyed it, but I still wanted to get in the library.
I don’t remember how long I had to wait; it was a year or two
anyway. The head of the library had a nice Catholic girl that she
wanted my husband to meet and marry. She just wanted that, and she
told me so, and she said, “What are you doing seeing him?”
I said, “Well, you want to know how I met him? I met him right
here. He wanted to see me as well.”
She of course thought she had control of everything. Her name was
Betty Gilman. Betty Gilman was head of the technical library. I got
along fine with Betty but a lot of people thought she was too controlling
and too bossy and she did not have a degree but she was very smart.
I knew she was very smart. But everything everybody did, she took
credit for it. So she was unpopular with the staff.
I soon learned how to get around that. Every time she said, “Jane,
come in my office, I want to pick your brains,” I said, “What’s
the subject matter?”, and she’d tell me, and I’d
write a memo, everything I knew on the subject, and I’d send
it to files. That way I got credit. When she found out I was doing
that, she was very angry, because she couldn’t take credit for
it anymore. But I tried to talk with her and I said, “Betty,
you’re so smart, you don’t need to be stealing everybody
else’s credit, and they need that in order to get ahead.”
I was just an employee then in the library. Very soon, when the war
was going on, they found that they had to do something about having
better records of the classified material at [NACA], so they selected
me for this job. They were going to put me in charge. We had two libraries
out there, the library in the West Area serviced the Center, and the
library in the East Area did all the cataloging and all the acquisition,
we did everything for all the Centers. By that time we had Ames [Research
Center, Moffett Field, California] and Lewis [Research Center, (now
Glenn Research Center,) Cleveland, Ohio]. We furnished them the cards
and everything, and also did a lot of reference in the East library.
The West Area library did the major part of the reference for the
employees.
Betty Gilman put me there and said that I had to get the records straightened
out because all of the material that was charged out had two charges,
one under the name of the person that had it, and one under the number
of the document. I found the biggest mess. They didn’t match.
So I had migraines, I had a migraine every week. Finally I called
Betty and I said, “Betty, you have got to allow me time to actually
review all this and find out where this material is and make the right
records before we start.”
She was nice about that. She said, “Well, I thought things were
in a mess over there.” We got that straightened out. It wasn’t
easy. It took a number of months. But then we had to make three charges
for each classified document. We had one for the name of the person
it went to, under the number, and one under the classification.
Johnson:
That’s a lot of work.
Hess:
That was my job, as well as being in charge of that library. I was
a GS-5 [General Schedule pay grade].
Johnson:
What year did you start? That was before the war, or at the beginning
of the war?
Hess:
No, I got a job at [NACA] in the early ’50s, and it was later
that I was sent to the West library. What I’ve described before
is what I did first for several years. But then I was sent over there
in charge of that library fairly early, I would say still in the ’50s.
The early ’50s, I was in the East Area library, but the late
’50s I was in the West library.
Then they did not pay attention to the grade levels, how the people
were classified. I took up that cause right away for the women, because
it distressed me that we had people that had degrees that the highest
grade was about a [GS] 7 in the whole library system. I asked my boss
for the standards, and she said, “Oh. You’re not allowed
to have those.” Never mind, I don’t take no for an answer,
so I figured I could get the standards, and I called the GPO [Government
Printing Office and said, “I want to get the standards for librarians
within the NASA system.”
They said, “Fine, we’ll send them to you, but you’ll
have to pay for them.” So I paid for them and I got them.
Then I was still just a [GS] 5, and I said to Betty, “Betty,
I deserve a raise. I thought maybe you’d tell me, but you’re
not going to.”
She said, “Well, if you think you deserve one, then you write
your own job description.” She didn’t think I could do
it. I did, and I used those standards. She said when she read it,
“Who did this for you?”
I said, “I did it because I have a copy of the standards.”
“Well, you’re not supposed to.”
I said, “If you can buy them, and anybody can buy them, why
am I not supposed to have them?” So that story ended.
I started looking at the people working there, at their jobs, and
what they did, and I found they were all underpaid. In my time in
the library I raised everybody up to [GS] 11s, 12s, 13s. All the scientific
types, I couldn’t get them higher than the 13, because I was
section head under the branch, and the branch head was a 13. But I
got some of the scientific ones the same level as the branch head.
But I couldn’t get everybody there. There were two particularly,
Sue [K.] Seward and Marie [H.] Tuttle were two of the scientific types.
Marie Tuttle had a physics degree and Sue had a chemistry degree,
and Sue published a lot with the scientists. They worked well with
her, and she was so smart. All these people are deceased. It just
breaks my heart. They were younger than me.
In any case I thought they needed honorable mention, because they
were so good, and Sue published so many documents. Her name was on
the documents when they were published, because she did as much work
or more than the man himself.
“What were your duties?” I told you that. “Describe
the facilities where you first worked.” We’ve done that.
“Did the attack on Pearl Harbor affect your work?” Greatly,
greatly. This meant that they had to have planes that could fly faster
for the war. The research increased greatly, and so did the staff.
The staff at Langley, I don’t remember how many thousands there
were, maybe a couple thousand, but it got up to 6,000 I think. They
hired people in. They even sent researchers out to recruit from the
military, and that’s how my husband got there. But my husband
was born in Vienna, Austria. He grew up there and lived there through
college, and his father had studied in this country, and he wanted
his children to study here, and he had relatives that already lived
here.
He sent my husband to MIT [Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts] for graduate work. He sent his daughter
to Harvard [University, Cambridge, Massachusetts]. She became a very
well-known chemist, and she invented liquid heat. Bob [Robert V. Hess],
my husband, became a very well-known researcher. He gave a lot to
this organization. In any case, his father called him when the war
started and said, “You all stay in America. Don’t come
home, because you’re not going to fight for [Adolf] Hitler.
You fight for America.” So Bob joined the American Army. He
was not a citizen, so he couldn’t be an officer, but he was
a staff sergeant or something like that. He trained all these people,
he trained them in English that came in that didn’t speak very
well. In any case, he was waiting to be shipped overseas when a neighbor
of mine around the corner here was sent to recruit anyone that had
the proper background, and Bob had studied aeronautics, and wanted
so badly to work in this field, but his father wanted him to be a
lawyer, because the father was a lawyer. He wanted him to do the same
work he did.
Bob said, “My father was so brilliant, I didn’t want to
compete with him.” The recruiter went to the center where Bob
was located, and I think it was Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. They
called for anybody who had any background in aeronautics to bring
a fountain pen and come to a certain room. He said he thought that
was the strangest instruction.
He had been writing documents in aeronautics, but there wasn’t
anyone to approve them, so he couldn’t get them published. The
Air Force wouldn’t approve them. They didn’t have the
knowledge. He took this document with him that he had finished, and
went to see my neighbor, whose name was Don [Donald D.] Baals. Don
looked at his document and he said, “Oh, this solves the problem
we have in the wind tunnel.” He hired him on the spot.
Johnson:
What a story.
Hess:
It really was. He was at [NACA] when I went there. I didn’t
get there until after college, and I graduated from college in ’44,
’45. He was already there, and I didn’t meet him until
1947. But he had friends that told him about me, and I had friends
that told me about him. They were trying to get us together, but whenever
there were parties we just didn’t seem to go to the same parties.
One day I’m over in the Administration Building waiting to pick
up something from a shuttle bus, and I see this good-looking man coming
down the stairs, and I thought, “He’s good-looking.”
But I figured he’d just walk out. He kept walking, he kept coming
towards me, and I’m wondering what in the world is this? He
walked up to me and said, “I’ve been trying to meet you
through mutual friends and we don’t seem to have any. So I’ve
decided to introduce myself.” I could tell how embarrassed he
was to be doing this because I knew how the Europeans were. You have
to have a proper introduction.
I said to him, “Well, my mother requires three written references
from anybody I go out with.”
He looked at me and he didn’t offer me any references, but he
said, “I’ll call you sometime.” He called me that
night. That was the beginning of a beautiful friendship and life.
I was dating a lot of different people because there were a lot of
dances and things, but I didn’t care anything about any of these
people. He eliminated all my friends by saying, “I have to see
you a little more often.” Finally I realized I wasn’t
seeing anybody but him. That’s how it all happened between the
two of us. It couldn’t have been a better deal.
Johnson:
That’s wonderful.
Hess:
It was just an absolutely wonderful life we had.
Wright:
How many years were you together?
Hess:
Sixty-four, and I wouldn’t have minded 64 more.
Johnson:
That says a lot right there.
Hess:
I learned something from him every single day he did research, because
he’d come up with something. He was researching in medicine,
and we were interested in a lot of these bad diseases. He found something
for cancer He turned it in, and they went to the doctors and they
said, “It’s just too expensive, we can’t do it.”
Now this is how sometimes things don’t get done because they
say it’s too expensive. But when you think of how long we’ve
been contributing to cancer [research], and we ought to have all the
answers there, but we don’t have them. That’s off the
subject matter. But I told it because it was just amazing to me that
he could contribute in any subject matter.
While he was at NASA he switched subjects quite often, and he ended
up in space and one of the Center Directors who was out here said
to Bob, “How can you switch from this to this?”
He said, “Well, if you have a good education, you can switch
to anything.” I guess you could. That was [Edgar M.] Cortright.
The Cortrights were very good friends of ours. She is deceased but
he is not, and he lives now up in Maine. They retired up there. They
had a daughter in that area. Oh, I miss my friends so much. They’re
all deceased too. This is the bad thing about getting old, especially
if you don’t feel it. I just don’t feel it.
Wright:
It’s a great blessing.
Hess:
It is. I decided I wasn’t going to be old. Bob was like that
too. We never got old.
Wright:
Did you ever research a project together?
Hess:
No. I did not do that, but I did a lot of stuff at NASA. I guess I
gave all my time to the researchers. I did not do research. But I
was involved in it, and I knew all about it. I had to know about it
because I had to acquire the proper materials. People say, “Well,
how did it change when you went to N-A-S-A?” Didn’t change
at all. We still had to do aeronautics. We just had to do aeronautics
and space.
Nothing changed, we just took on double work, and it was a lot more
work. We had to build up a space collection, and we had to build it
up fast.
Johnson:
How did you do that?
Hess:
We worked overtime and we had all these brilliant people. I had them
checking everywhere and getting information that we could get from
other collecting agencies. We soon built up the library with what
was known in space, because space was a new field. In a few years
we had probably the best library in space in the country. I know it
was the best scientific library in the country. I got a lot of credit
for that. I got the NASA Medal for that.
Wright:
How did you correspond with other places that had materials? Now everybody’s
answer is you just go to the Internet. You didn’t have an Internet.
Hess:
No, we didn’t. By phone. That’s how we corresponded. I
had all these people that were so bright. They understood the subject
matter so well, they did the phoning, I didn’t phone, because
it’d come to a point where they’d ask me a technical question
about it that I understood it enough to collect materials, and I understood
it enough to get the right journals in. We had to subscribe to a lot
of journals, and we had a great collection, and it was foreign and
domestic, and I had to know enough. I had to learn enough foreign
language to understand those titles.
Johnson:
How did you get the foreign documents and those kinds of things into
the NASA libraries?
Wright:
Did you have restrictions?
Hess:
We got subscriptions. We brought subscriptions in. I had loads of
subscriptions to the scientific documents and literature, all scientific
literature, and especially the journals, because that’s where
they published most. All new things were published in journals.
I had great help from the researchers. I have to tell you one thing
I did. I established a library committee and I was allowed to select
who went on this committee. I took the outstanding researcher in every
division on the committee. They fed us a lot of information of what
we ought to have in the library. They helped build the collection
and they helped do the research. They were very very active on this
committee.
Sometimes you give somebody another job and they’re a researcher,
they’re not interested. But everybody was interested. I needed
their help so much because the library was classed as a support system,
and we were under the people that brought in the furniture and the
people that did this, that and the other. I tried all the years I
was there to move the library to the Research Directorate, but I never
accomplished that. They just couldn’t turn it loose. I had always
a boss that didn’t know anything about the scientific world.
Because of that, when I would want to find something that we really
ought to do. Such as, when we needed to change our computer system
to get an up-to-date computer system, and we needed one that was going
to be able to access all this material with one language, because
you had to know a lot of computer languages in order to get to the
material, I set out to search for one that was working on this. I
found this company. I’m sorry I can’t tell you the name
of it. But I found this company that was working on what we needed.
I told them that I wanted to have a meeting, and they came, and they
had gotten quite far along with the process. I said, “We need
to change our system. We need to get so we can access all the material
with one language. The world actually needs that.”
It was expensive, and I knew it was going to be expensive. I prepared
a presentation about it, so I could take that to the front office,
but my management wouldn’t let me. I just kept working on it.
I kept talking to them about it. I didn’t get anywhere, so I
called the Chief Scientist. He was over in the front office. He was
a friend of mine, and I said, “Can’t you help me get a
presentation to the Director for this system? Because this ought to
be brought here.”
He said, “Sure, Jane, I’ll help you. You’ll get
a presentation.”
In two weeks I had a call from my boss, that, “I would have
to make a presentation on the computer system you’re talking
about, but you’re not going to make the presentation, I’m
not sure we’ll even let you go over to the front office. But
I’ll make the presentation.” He was my Division Chief.
Then we were also under a Directorate. Then the Directorate Head wanted
to make the presentation. With the two of them, I had to go over the
presentation with them over and over and over. I did that. However,
I insisted, I said, “If you all don’t let me come, I’m
just going to be there.”
They said, “Well, you can come. But you can’t say anything.
Especially, you cannot ask how it’s going to be paid for.”
When we got there, I took a back seat, and remarkably my boss wasn’t
allowed to get up to make the presentation. The Directorate Head got
up and went up front. The Director of the Center said, “What
are you doing up here?”
He said, “I’m going to make this presentation.”
The Director said, “I don’t want to hear from you, I want
to hear from Jane Hess.” They had to give me back my notes.
I should do it, because when he had questions about how are you going
to save any money with it, we were going to save a lot of money with
it. A lot of stuff that we had to subscribe to and had to get in there
that we could get through the computer and just print out what we
needed.
I had figured all that out, figured out how much money we could save.
When he asked the question I told him. I had an answer for everything.
At the end he said, “Jane, that was an excellent presentation,
and I do think that we ought to have that system.”
Johnson:
What was the system? Do you remember what it was called?
Hess:
It’s the system that’s on the Internet right now.
Johnson:
The NTRS [NASA Technical Reports Server]?
Hess:
Our scientific system was put on the Internet. That’s the scientific
system on there. In any case he said, “Yeah, I really like that.
Sounds like something that we ought to be thinking about.” I
just decided I was going to mention money. So I said, “Who’s
going to pay for it?” You should have seen my bosses, their
eyes got big.
Wright:
The gasp.
Hess:
Gasp. He said, “I’ll pay for it.”
Johnson:
What year was this?
Hess:
It was in the late ’80s.
Wright:
Who was the Center Director at the time?
Hess:
Donald P. Hearth. He was a great friend of mine. He is the one that
I got a promotion to a [GS] 14, and my boss didn’t let it go
into effect. I sat there for almost a year with no increase, and finally
I went back to the Chief Scientist, and the Director called my boss
and said, “Why haven’t I gotten Jane Hess’s promotion
in here?” At a 14 level it was approved by the front office.
I got the promotion finally, but they were just terrible. They hated
the fact that the library was so popular. I was a branch head. They
had about four other branches, and they wanted all the branches to
get equal treatment. It couldn’t be. We shouldn’t have
been under the service area anyway.
Johnson:
You were mentioning the fact that this is a computer system. This
is something completely different from when you started.
Hess:
We had a computer system that had all the material on it, but you
could not access it with one language. What they had, we could start
doing what they were doing, and we could also include the fact that
with this system we could access ours with one language, because it
had a black box, and everything went through this language-wise.
Johnson:
Computer language.
Hess:
In the computer. That was the thing that sold it to me. I said, “Well,
we don’t have to do away with anything, we can just incorporate
it, it’s wonderful.”
Johnson:
It just pulls from what was already in existence.
Hess:
But it did cost a lot of money. I was trying to think what my budget
was. My budget was really high but I don’t remember how high.
In the end I know it was very high. But I’m not sure of the
amount. I just know they had to pay for this computer system.
When you got your budget, you had to use it that year. There was a
lot of brilliance at Langley. Langley was the Research Center. Even
when the other Centers were created, they had different responsibilities.
But we had the responsibility to do the research.
Now research was done in some of these other Centers, at Lewis, and
Ames. It just broke my heart when they took [George W.] Lewis’s
name off of that Center [and changed it to John H. Glenn Research
Center]. Oh, I raised Cain about that, because he was a brilliant
man, and contributed much to the history of aeronautics. I don’t
forgive the person who takes away something. I feel they’re
as responsible as anyone. I was offered many jobs out there I didn’t
qualify for and I wouldn’t take them. I said, “I’m
not qualified for that, I don’t want to do that.”
They said, “But you could learn it.”
“I don’t want to learn it,” I said. “I’m
doing what I want to do
I didn’t think Glenn should have taken that title. He should
not have allowed them to move that name to his. He should have said,
“We should always remember this man who contributed so much.”
His father and the son both, they both contributed much. It’s
sad. There’ll come a time nobody’ll remember him.
Johnson:
Speaking of astronauts, when they formed the Johnson Space Center
[Houston, Texas], when the Space Task Group first formed at Langley
and then they moved to Houston, part of what happened is they started
building up these technical libraries at these other Centers. In Langley
did you disseminate the documents, the information and everything
to the Centers?
Hess:
Yes. We were the lead Center, and we assisted them. They never had
everything, they usually just borrowed material from us. They could
make copies and they could keep copies or they could just borrow it.
A lot of things were big and bulky, and a lot of material, and they
didn’t want to copy everything. But none of those libraries
ever were like this library that has been destroyed. Oh, it’s
terrible, I try not to think about it, my blood pressure goes up.
Johnson:
We’re living in a digital age now where everything—they’re
scanning documents, and then as you say they’re getting rid
of them. They’re keeping them in electronic form instead of
the actual physical form. When you started and you were talking about
your first position in that East library, in acquisition and cataloging,
that was all by hand, writing it. The technology changed so much during
your tenure out there.
Hess:
Totally.
Johnson:
How did that affect your job? At what point did things go from doing
everything, hand-inputting information?
Hess:
It was gradual, because you can’t just quit this and go there.
You had to do it gradually. You start off with the things that you
think are so important that you’ve got to go that route first.
That’s how we selected what materials we’d do it with
first. We acquisitioned material and I had people working in the library
who were so talented and they were scientists. Then after I got the
library committee, whenever my bosses would say, “No, we’re
not going to do that,” I’d just take it to the library
committee and they’d take it to the front office. In a little
while I’d get a notice.
I must say that some people really didn’t like me out there,
because they thought I got too much. But we were the support of research.
You have to know why you’re formed, and that’s what our
goal was. When I went there, the [U.S. National Aeronautic Association
Robert J.] Collier Trophy was won I think three or four times by Langley.
I’ll tell you who was responsible for it, John Stack. He was
the cussingest man. He just couldn’t speak without it. But he
was brilliant. My introduction to him was interesting.
In any case, I was trying to look at the kind of research that we
did and had to do. We had the things that were being developed, the
low-drag cowling, the laminar-flow airfoils. The airfoils were all
changing shapes. Drag reduction and supersonic flight and transonic
flight and area rule concept. [Richard T.] Whitcomb was a very dear
friend. He was brilliant, and he came up with the area rule, which
we called the Coke bottle shape. He changed the body shape that really
increased the speed significantly. These were the things that the
researchers had to do for the war. They said, “How did the war
affect you?” The war affected us a lot and increased the speed
with which we could develop. They went from 2,000 to about 6,000 people
at Langley during the war.
Then of course you know how the war ended with the bomb.
But the major leaders that should always in my opinion be given credit
were part of what N-A-C-A was. It was George Lewis, Max [M.] Munk.
Max Munk was a genius and very brilliant, and all his work included
a lot of math.
The Director then was Henry [J. E.] Reid, who was the Director when
I came in. Eastman [N.] Jacobs, Theodore Theodorsen were two other
important people. You all I’m sure have heard these names. John
Stack. Robert T. Jones. This was an interesting thing. Robert T. Jones
was uneducated formally. He was brilliant. He was smarter than almost
all these others. Educated himself.
Robert [R.] Gilruth, Richard Whitcomb, Floyd [L.] Thompson was the
Assistant Director, and he became the Director when Reid retired.
“What were the changes and how did the decision to form NASA
impact the work?” I’ve told you part of that.
NASA was formed. “Did you work for N-A-S-A.?” Yes. “Share
the transition,” and that had to be gradual, because you couldn’t
do it all at once. But we had to speed it up. They had to give me
more staff.
Wright:
How many did you have at the maximum number? Do you know how many?
Hess:
When I left I can tell you that the ones that were employed by the
government I had probably 10 or 12. But I had a larger staff, including
contractors. My total staff was 30 some.
Johnson:
How many were there when you first started in the library?
Hess:
It was two separate buildings, and in the East Area they were doing
everything for all the Centers, they had a number of people over there.
They had a lot of catalogers. I would say they probably had 15 people
total. But in the West Area library where they sent me there were
just two or three other than myself, maybe four, about four other
people.
Johnson:
Did those two libraries form together?
Hess:
Eventually we went together. We went together in 1955 when we moved
my library to the Flight Building and that library in the East Area
moved also to the Flight Building on the second floor. Thank God they
got us out of there, because it’s metal, and it was the hottest
place. It was awful.
But you all want to see a picture of my library? The building. Some
friends of ours who signed this and gave this to us in 2010. I’d
never seen this book. Have you seen this book?
Johnson:
I actually have seen that one. That’s great.
Hess:
I hadn’t seen it. Susan [L.] Adkins was another one of the gals
that worked with me, and she was also very brilliant, but she was
not the scientist. She was left in charge when I retired. They brought
in a guy from California. He said he was civil service, but it turned
out he’d never worked for civil service, he was a contractor,
never worked really in NASA. He was working with the library out there
but he was a contractor. Susan, as long as she was alive, I knew things
would go well.
She took up flying, and she crashed out here and died, this is her
[showing photograph]. Just awful. She was a great gal. Let me see.
Whose picture was I going to show you?
Wright:
Picture of your library.
Hess:
The library. Here it is. This building was the library building out
there.
Wright:
The entire building was used for the library? Was that the only thing
that was there?
Hess:
It was all library at one time, and the secret files were on the first
floor. Later other areas were moved into the library building.
Wright:
Did you have to have a specific classification to get in there?
Hess:
Oh yes, honey, I’ve had classifications much higher than secret,
and they go a lot higher. Nobody knows that unless you have to get
these classifications.
Johnson:
Also I was thinking about the foreign documents because you mentioned
the journals. Now they have import and export control. Did you ever
have that problem?
Hess:
No, we were on the list for a lot of those things.
Johnson:
Did you ever have a problem acquiring anything because it was foreign?
No approval process?
Hess:
No. But during the war we had two communists working in the library.
Wright:
Was that a secret as well?
Hess:
They got caught. Well, my boss was still Betty Gilman, she was smart
as a whip. Betty Gilman thought they were the best thing since sliced
bread.
In any case, there are pictures in here of meetings of the libraries.
Wright:
Did you host those? Were you a mover and shaker about getting the
other libraries to Langley?
Hess:
No. Each Center hosted their own libraries. Langley was the lead library.
I hosted the ones that were here. But also the directors of Langley
had me entertain all their important visitors.
Johnson:
Langley had the open house in ’59, the first one after NASA
was formed, but they also had those meetings where as you said the
important people would come through.
Hess:
After the astronauts left here, they were invited back here because
the head of Japan was coming to visit—the son of the head of
Japan. He has been the head for a long time now, but he was the son
then. That was in my real early days. All the directors out here had
me do the parties. I did all the parties for everybody. Entertained.
When we had meetings they had me do the program for the wives, because
a lot of these people brought their wives. These are my retirement
[photographs].
Johnson:
What year did you retire?
Hess:
In 1990. That’s my nephew, Charles Dempsey, right there, that’s
Avis’s son with me at my retirement party.
Wright:
Were you ready to retire?
Hess:
Oh yes, I was ready. I didn’t retire until I was 68. These two
sisters, Cordelia and Avis, they were a lot older than me, they wanted
to retire near me. If you want to you can look through them, you don’t
have to. Everybody gets everything out and wants everybody to see
it, and I’m not like that really. But I thought the library
building you should see because it was big.
Johnson:
I notice they’re NASA photos. So I might get those numbers off
there.
Hess:
The meatball [NASA logo] was on that. They got that worm [NASA logo,
1975-1992]. I refused to let them take the meatball off my building.
I called the Director. I said, “I’m not going to let them
take this off this building, because I can’t stand that worm.”
He said, “I can’t stand it either.” So he let me
keep it.
Johnson:
That’s great.
Hess:
Then when it got faded he sent somebody over there to paint it and
get it looking better.
Johnson:
It’s all who you know.
Hess:
It is. I have found that out at NASA, yes.
Johnson:
Did you have anything to do with records retention and records management?
Hess:
Oh yes, we kept all the records and all the old material. We had acquired
material from 1915; 1915 is when it became N-A-C-A. But it existed
before that. It was under Smithsonian. When it became independent
we had everything that had been published actually in aeronautics
from the 1800s, and we were on exchange lists with all the countries.
Of course England was doing more aeronautics than anybody else in
Europe, so we had all their material. Somebody over there messed up
with some of their records, and they lost a good many of their old
documents, and they borrowed them from us to make copies.
Johnson:
That’s amazing.
Hess:
God knows what they’ve done with that. What was on the second
floor over there, the one that they left in charge that was a computer
person, she said, “Everything that you need to know is on the
computer.”
I said, “It is not. The very old stuff is not on there. Unless
you know what has been done you don’t know where to start with
research. Every person that ever came to the library to do research
said, ‘I’m going to research in this area, can we find
out what’s been done here?’” That was the first
thing we did. You had to have a lot of background knowledge of that
in order to do that.
Johnson:
You were talking about how you had somebody that was in physics and
chemistry and you had all these people that had that knowledge in
their head of where to go look for these things to help the researchers.
Hess:
Listen. I don’t understand people that don’t want somebody
smarter than they are working for them. I really loved it. I knew
they knew things I didn’t know. Detail. I just had broad knowledge,
because I went back to school. I got the rest of my library science,
and then I took chemistry and physics and aeronautics, and I had a
great helper.
Johnson:
You had your own tutor at home.
Hess:
That’s right. Bob when he first came to [NACA] worked in aeronautics,
but he ended up more in space. He brought laser work to the Center.
Wright:
That was a whole new field for your area to research.
Hess:
Yeah. That’s when Cortright said, “How can you work in
all these fields, Bob?” Bob, he was the most unassuming person,
he didn’t think he ever did anything great. He really didn’t.
Johnson:
He was doing his job.
Hess:
Just doing his job. I would have thought it was insulting to say,
“Well, if you have a good background education you can do it.”
But he didn’t mean that that way. He just didn’t think
that was anything special. He was the best Christian. I shouldn’t
be telling all this on here.
Johnson:
It’s fine.
Hess:
He’s the best Christian I ever knew, I never could get him to
talk about anybody. Always if I said something about somebody he’d
find something good to tell me about him. He was like that with everybody.
Johnson:
I was going to ask you real quick if there’s anything else in
your notes that we haven’t talked about that maybe you want
to talk about.
Hess:
Oh yeah. I wanted to tell you the things I did. I did a lot of things.
I was very active in the community. We have four libraries in this
area, we had three at that time. I was on that library board and chairman
of it part of the time for 10 years. In that time we built a new library,
which is up in this east end of the city that did not have a library.
And I helped form the opera, 10 women, 10 of us, most of them from
Norfolk, started the opera company. It’s a very going and good
thing right now. Of course I attended a lot of American Library [Association]
meetings.
They asked me to be in charge of a women’s program here in Langley,
which I took that job, because the head of personnel over there said,
“I want a study on the women at Langley and how they’re
faring relative to other places.”
I did a study and I had to prepare a report and I had to get up before
the whole Center and present this. That really was tough. I kept saying
to him, “Why don’t you do it?”
He said, “No, Jane. You’re going to do it. You did the
study. I may have advised you a little bit, but you did the study,
so you’re going to get up and present it,” which I did.
The women after I was no longer head of that group, they would invite
me to come back and speak, but they only invited me twice. The second
time I had been to some management studies that some of them had been
there. They divided the women and the men, they didn’t let them
go together. We were training separately.
These women just lied through their teeth. They said they didn’t
cry easily and that they weren’t more emotional than men. On
my speech that they asked me to come and give—and they were
bringing their bosses. I told them that they ought to quit denying
what was true. I said, “You do cry more easily. You’re
more emotional. It’s the only thing you had in your favor for
thousands of years. So use it.”
The men chuckled and I said, “Now I got a message for you men
too. When you all learn to cry and get rid of your frustrations and
get rid of your pressures and tensions, you’re going to live
long enough to spend your money. Otherwise the wives are going to
get all of it.” They loved that.
Johnson:
I can see why.
Hess:
They do need to. Men need to have a release. They don’t. Look
how they raised children back in my day. They told little boys they
couldn’t cry. Terrible. I’m saying all this stuff on record.
Let me see what else I wanted to tell you. I did those programs. I
assisted the Director in all the AIAA [American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics] meetings. They always had me get a program up for
the wives. I usually took them to Williamsburg [Virginia] because
I could do more there. I used a lot of people at the Center, a lot
of the women in the different departments, to help if we had a dinner
and if we had a program. They all got to participate.
Johnson:
Thinking about the time you started, and then by 1990 when you left,
women in the workforce had changed so much, just how many women, plus
dress codes, all those types of things, everything was changing.
Hess:
The dress code in the library when I went there was awful, but I always
all my life, because my mother was like that, you had to look nice,
so I always dressed nice. By the time I left everybody in the library
was dressing very well all the time. They didn’t like for me
to be looking so good. One of them said, “All the men were in
love with you.”
I said, “It’s the way I looked, it wasn’t me, it
was the way I looked, because you all were looking tacky.”
She said, “I guess there’s something to that, because
when we got to dressing better we got more attention.”
My mother said, “Remember that you don’t look at yourself,
other people have to look at you, so make yourself as attractive as
you can and then forget it.” I just always worked that way.
She was a smart lady. She was a character. I could tell you some stories
about her that would just—she was a pioneer woman.
Johnson:
I bet. Looking back over your history, is there any one thing that
you would look at and think as your major accomplishment?
Hess:
Yeah, I’ve got something here somewhere. I felt that certainly
getting the computers changed was a major accomplishment, and it took
a lot. Also we had a center for processing. Eventually we didn’t
do any of that here. We did it all in Baltimore [Maryland]. We had
a NASA Center up there that printed all the materials and distributed
it. They did the cards and everything. Then eventually when we were
computerized the cards ceased to be.
Of course we had to subscribe to all the open literature that pertained
to our goals. My major responsibility was building the collection
that met the requirements of the research staff, and that was major,
and that was not easy, and I used every support I could find to do
it.
That’s when I set up the library committee.
Wright:
That was a smart piece of strategy. They’re the ones that benefited.
Hess:
That’s right, and they knew that. They really appreciated the
library. Anything new, they would come to the library and tell us.
Wright:
You had a nice partnership.
Hess:
We had a wonderful relationship, yes. My management hated the fact
that we had this library committee. They just despised it. But it
meant that I could get things done. I couldn’t get anything
done through them. But I don’t understand people that give up
when you can’t get something done the way that you’re
supposed to, find another way. It’s possible. I know. I did
it.
Wright:
Did you have to keep up with numbers, like how many journals you subscribed
to per year? Do you remember any of the numbers?
Hess:
Yes, we had all kinds of statistics. Yes, we had to do that, had to
justify the subscription.
Wright:
They’re so expensive.
Hess:
Some of those we could get rid of when we had the computer changes,
because we could have access to them. It was online, the whole journal.
That’s one of the things that I used when I was selling the
computer. I said, “They’re putting journals online now,
and we’ll be able to get rid of a lot of our subscriptions,
and we can move that money to pay for other things.”
The Chief Scientist called me one day. I can’t tell you exactly
when this happened. But he said, “Jane, I’m getting involved
in a lot of classified effort in Washington and in the country.”
This was during the war. “I need access to DIA [Defense Intelligence
Agency] and CIA [Central Intelligence Agency] databases. I want you
to get them here for me.” He didn’t tell me how to do
it.
I had to work out what I was going to do, so I had access and phone
numbers for DIA and CIA. I started out by calling as high a level
as I could get to answer the phone, and they said, “We can’t
take your request, if you’re the librarian.”
I said, “No, you’re not going to take my request, you’re
going to get a request from the people that need it, but I’ve
got to find out how I can get the databases.” I did, and I got
the databases, but I had to tell them who was going to use it. I told
them who was going to use it, and I said, “You have to talk
with them.” They did. They talked with them and they knew how
it was going to be used. I had both of those.
We had to have a lot more security. We changed access daily. Daily.
Had to do that every day. We had to have a different approach. I had
to learn it too, they said I had to learn it as well as the others.
They sent us all to Washington to learn stuff. That was a big project,
and I know that it helped a great deal during the war.
“What is your greatest accomplishment?” I told you. We
met the requirements and the needs of research and we developed it
far beyond what they ever expected, I know that. I wouldn’t
have gotten that NASA Medal had that not been true.
Johnson:
I imagine so.
Hess:
“What was your greatest challenge while working at NASA?”
It was being smart. Being smart enough. That was my greatest challenge.
I had to just keep learning. I had to keep learning all the time.
I couldn’t rest on my laurels.
“When did you leave NASA and why?” I left NASA because
I had gotten that computer system in. That was the last thing that
I was doing. I had it under way to the extent that I knew it would
be completed. I was 68 years old, and I was tired. They’d already
started doing a lot of things at NASA that I didn’t approve
of.
I decided that I was going to retire, and I did. I just decided it
was a good time to leave. Most people don’t work till 68. In
fact I was not tired from the effort, it’s just I was tired
from what they were doing out here. Not in the library, but other
areas. Had I known what they were going to do, I might have stayed
longer, I really might have.
After I retired, Bob had already been there so many years. They just
wanted him to come back. He did stay there, and he stayed until ’95.
He retired in 1995 totally, not giving them any work. He was not getting
paid after age 55. He never retired, because they just called him
back. He was so happy to do it without being compensated because it
was his hobby.
Wright:
He enjoyed that whole learning process and the whole sharing.
Hess:
It was his hobby. I went out there and did a lot of things to help
out for a while. But I really loved every minute of my work life.
I feel that I was one of the most fortunate people that ever had a
job. I learned so much and I knew so many famous people and I got
to travel a lot. Bob was going and presenting papers, and I’d
meet all these famous people. It was really great. Of course I went
to every place there was to go to in Europe and in the Scandinavian
countries. I was well compensated for all my efforts. I had a GS-14,
and my boss said to me, “Well, you’d be a 15, but I’m
just a 15, so you can’t be one.”
Johnson:
It’s always the politics, isn’t it?
Hess:
But it was all right with me because I didn’t need anything
beyond a GS-14. I want to say that people said, “You should
retire early, they’re taking your money when you stay a long
time.” That’s not true. The longer you stay the better
your retirement is.
Bob’s and my retirement was so good, it wouldn’t have
mattered whether we had any investments or not. He left so much of
his to me. We were just very fortunate. He really looked after me
when I didn’t know he had left so much of his pay. We got so
much when we retired that I thought we were getting everything. He
left a lot of it to be used for me if he died first. He’s such
a great person, so sweet, wonderful, wonderful.
Johnson:
I want to thank you for talking to us today. We really appreciate
it.
Hess:
I have to tell you I’ve taken too much time.
Johnson:
No, it’s been great.
[End
of interview]